SECTION 305 -
BITUMINOUS‑STABILIZED BASE COURSE
305.11 Surface and Thickness.
The surface will be tested using a Straightedge at selected
locations. The variation of the
surface, from the testing edge of the Straightedge, between any two contacts
with the surface, shall at no point exceed 10 millimeters. All humps or depressions exceeding
10 millimeters shall be corrected by removing defective work and replacing
it with new material.
The thickness requirements shall be as specified in
Subsection 404.20.
SECTION 306 - CONCRETE BASE COURSE
306.04 Construction Requirements.
The surface upon which the concrete base course is to be
constructed shall be prepared in accordance with Section 209.
Preformed expansion joint filler, 13 millimeters thick,
shall be placed around inlets, manholes, and other similar structures
projecting through the base course.
The concrete base course shall be constructed in accordance
with Section 405 except as follows:
1. Joints. Transverse contraction joints are required
and shall be coincident with the transverse expansion joints in adjacent
concrete surface course. In addition,
one or more transverse contraction joints, spaced equidistantly not less than
4 meters or more than 6 meters apart, are to be installed between the
above joints. Elsewhere, contraction
joints are to be installed at 4.5-meter intervals.
No transverse or longitudinal expansion joints are
required.
When the base course is not constructed full width in one
operation or when placing of concrete is temporarily discontinued, it shall be
finished against a vertical form or bulkhead, and when resumed, the form or
bulkhead shall be removed and the concrete shall be placed against the
previously finished concrete.
2. Surface Finish. The concrete base
course may be hand finished. The
surface shall be rough broomed. Edges
need not be rounded.
3. Curing. If liquid curing compound is used, it shall
be removed prior to surfacing with bituminous concrete.
4. Surface Tolerance. The surface will
be tested using a Straightedge at randomly selected locations. The variation of the surface, from the
testing edge of the Straightedge, between any two contacts with the surface,
shall at no point exceed 10 millimeters.
Surface variations which exceed 10 millimeters shall be corrected.
5. Thickness Requirements. The requirements
of Subsection 405.21 do not apply.
6. Slip‑Form Paving. Subject to a
demonstrated ability to adapt slip‑form paving methods to the
Department's pavement design, the concrete base may be constructed, without the
use of fixed forms, in accordance with Section 405 and the following:
a. After the
subbase has been placed and compacted to the required density, the areas which
support the paving machine and the areas on which the base is to be constructed
shall be graded to the proper elevation.
If the density of the subbase is disturbed by the grading operations, it
shall be recompacted before concrete is placed. The subbase shall be constructed in advance of placing of the
concrete for at least the distance required for an average day's paving. If any traffic is permitted to use the
prepared subbase, the subbase shall be checked and corrected immediately prior
to the placing of the concrete.
b. The concrete
shall be placed for the full depth of the slab with a slip‑form paver
designed to spread, consolidate, screed, and float-finish the concrete in one
pass of the machine, or the concrete may be placed in two layers with a
mechanical spreader and then struck off, consolidated, screeded, and float‑finished
with a slip‑form paver designed for this purpose. By either method, the concrete shall be
finished in such a manner that a minimum of hand finishing is necessary to
provide a dense and homogeneous base.
The machine shall vibrate the concrete for the full width and depth of
the base.
c. Reinforcement,
if specified, shall be placed in the plastic concrete after spreading by
mechanical or vibratory means.
d. Any edge slump
of the concrete, exclusive of edge rounding, in excess of 6 millimeters, shall
be corrected before the concrete has taken its initial set and operations shall
be modified to prevent recurrence.
e. Alignment and
grade shall be controlled by an automatic sensing device in continuous contact
with a sensing guide.
f. The concrete
shall be placed at a uniform consistency as specified in Section 914, Table
914-1.
g. The slip‑form
paver shall be operated with a continuous forward movement, and all operations
of mixing, delivering, and spreading concrete shall be so coordinated as to
provide uniform progress, with stopping and starting of the paver held to a
minimum. All vibrations shall
automatically cease when the forward movement of the paving machine is
stopped. No tractive force shall be
applied to the machine except that which is controlled from the machine.
h. In order that
the concrete may be properly protected against the effects of rain before the
concrete is sufficiently hardened, materials shall be made available at all
times for the protection of the edges and surface of the unhardened
concrete. Such protective materials
shall consist of standard metal forms or wood planks having an actual thickness
of not less than 40 millimeters and a minimum actual width of 12 millimeters
less than the thickness of the concrete at its edge, for the protection of the
edges, and covering material such as burlap or cotton mats, curing paper, or
plastic sheeting material for the protection of the base course. When rain is imminent, all paving operations
shall stop and all available personnel shall begin placing forms against the
sides of the base course and covering the surface of the unhardened concrete
with the protective covering.
DIVISION 400 -
SURFACE COURSES
SECTION 404 - BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE
COURSE
404.19 Surface Requirements.
A. Payment Reductions for New Construction,
Reconstruction, or Dualization Projects.
1. Permissible Surface Variations. The bituminous
concrete surface course will be tested with a rolling Straightedge that
automatically marks, in colored dye, the length of surface variations which
exceed a tolerance of 3 millimeters in 3 meters, in accordance with the
following:
a. The bituminous
concrete surface course placed in the traveled way at locations indicated in
the Special Provisions shall be constructed so that when tested in accordance
with Subpart A.3 below. The measured
length of lot exceeding 3 millimeters tolerance shall not exceed 1.3 percent.
b. The bituminous
concrete surface course placed in areas other than those specified in the
Special Provisions will be tested for acceptance in accordance with Subpart A.4
below. The measured length of such
areas exceeding the 3 millimeters tolerance shall not exceed 3.5 percent. The number, length, and location of
Straightedge tests undertaken to determine conformity in such areas will be at
the sole discretion of the Engineer.
2. Control Testing. Control testing
during placement shall be conducted as may be necessary to ensure compliance
with the specified surface requirement.
3. Surface Acceptance Plan. Any required
sweeping of the surface prior to acceptance testing shall be performed.
Conformance to the surface tolerance for bituminous
concrete placed at the locations specified in Subpart A.1 will be determined in
lots, each lot being equal to the total number of megagrams of mixture accepted
and placed each production day, less the weight of such mixture placed in areas other than those specified in
Subpart A.1. When the weight of
the surface course placed in areas other than those specified in Subpart A.1
cannot be readily determined from weigh tickets and other records, it shall be
calculated based on the square meters of such areas paved on the given day, the
specified thickness, and the average mix weight per millimeter thick per square
meter.
The acceptance of a lot will be based on the percentage of
the total length of the lot having surface variation exceeding
3 millimeters in 3 meters, this percent noncompliance being defined as the
lot percent defective length. Lot
percent defective length will be computed by adding the lengths, to the nearest
0.3 meter, of individual surface defects exceeding the specified tolerance,
dividing this sum by the total length tested, and multiplying by 100 to convert
to percent.
The full extent of the lot will be tested in the
longitudinal direction. The transverse
location of the test will be in the wheelpaths of vehicle travel, defined as
the two imaginary lines located approximately 1 meter on each side of the
centerline of the lane and extending for the full length of the lane. The wheelpath of the test will be determined
randomly and varied every 90 to 120 meters.
The minimum number of full-length tests required to
determine the lot percent defective length is shown in Table 404-2. The 25 percent sampling plan, wherein
the number of tests is at least equal to one-fourth of the number of wheelpaths
in a day's production, will be used initially.
The bituminous concrete surface course will be accepted when the lot
percent defective length is equal to or less than 1.0 based on the 25 percent
sampling plan. If a lot percent defective
length of 1.1 to 3.4 is indicated by the tests of the 25 percent sampling plan,
additional tests will be performed such that the total number of tests
performed equals that shown for the 50 percent sampling plan. If the lot percent defective length in the
25 to 50 percent sampling plan exceeds 3.4, the full length of each
wheelpath will be tested.
|
Table 404-2
Surface Acceptance Testing Schedule |
||||||
|
Sampling Plan |
Corresponding
Number of Wheelpaths to
be Tested |
Lot Percent Defective Length Measured |
Reduction or Retest Requirement |
|||
|
|
One Lane |
Two Lanes |
Three Lanes |
Four Lanes |
|
|
|
25% |
see 50% Sampling Plan |
1 |
2 |
2 |
0 to 1.0 1.1 to 3.4 3.5 or more |
None Perform 50% Testing Test each wheelpath |
|
50% |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
0 to 3.4 3.5 or more |
As per Table 404-3 Test each wheelpath |
|
100% |
2 |
4 |
6 |
8 |
All values |
As per Table 404-3 |
When more than one test is specified in Table 404-2, the
initial and intermediate transverse locations of each test will be determined
randomly. In no case will exact
duplicate tests be performed. When
testing of all wheelpaths is specified, intermediate transverse variation of
the individual tests will not be made.
The results of preceding tests will no be included in the computation of
lot percent defective length when application of the 100 percent sampling plan
is indicated.
Tests may be performed beyond the minimums specified in
Table 404-2. In addition to the tests
run on randomly selected sites, any area which appears defective may be tested
including a previous day's production which is damaged by construction.
If the lot percent defective length is 1.4 to 3.4 inclusive
and if the Contractor elects not to remove and replace the bituminous concrete
surface course, the lot will be accepted upon written request provided that
payment for the lot is reduced in accordance with Table 404-3.
|
Table 404-3
Reduction per Lot Due to Nonconformance to Surface
Requirements |
||
|
Lot Percent Defective
Length |
|
Reduction per Lot,
Percent |
|
0 - 1.3 1.4 - 2.3 2.4 - 3.4 |
|
None 12 30 |
If the lot percent defective length exceeds 3.4, any or all
of the material in the lot may be directed to be removed, replaced, and
retested for acceptance. If the
material is permitted to remain in place, payment will not be made for that
quantity of material.
4. Other Testing. The paving
operation is acceptable if the percent defective length of the bituminous
concrete surface course does not exceed 3.5.
If the percent defective length exceeds 3.5, the Engineer may direct
that paving operations be discontinued until mutually acceptable paving methods
and/or equipment are used.
Additional compensation, extension of Contract time, or
other concessions will not be granted because of revised methods or equipment
necessary to produce a bituminous concrete surface in conformity with the
specified surface requirements.
B. Payment Reductions for Resurfacing or
Widening Projects.
1. Permissible Surface Variations. The bituminous
concrete surface course will be tested with a rolling Straightedge that
automatically marks, in colored dye, the length of surface variations which
exceed a tolerance of 3 millimeters in 3 meters, in accordance with the
following:
a. The bituminous
concrete surface course placed in the traveled way at locations indicated in
the Special Provisions shall be constructed so that when tested in accordance
with Subpart B.3 below. The measured
length of lot exceeding the 3 millimeters tolerance shall not exceed 3.5
percent.
b. The bituminous
concrete surface course placed in areas other than those specified in the
Special Provisions will be tested for acceptance in accordance with Subpart A.4
above. The measured length of such
areas exceeding the 3 millimeters tolerance shall not exceed 3.5 percent. The number, length, and location of
Straightedge tests undertaken to determine conformity in such areas will be at
the sole discretion of the Engineer.
2. Control Testing. Control testing
during placement shall be conducted as may be necessary to ensure compliance
with the specified surface requirement.
3. Surface Acceptance Plan. Any required
sweeping of the surface prior to acceptance testing shall be performed.
Conformance to the surface tolerance for bituminous
concrete will be determined in lots.
Each lot will generally be 400 meters long and one lane wide, the latter
dimension being determined from the Plans.
The specific limits of each lot will be established by
starting at one end of the Project and progressing towards the other in
400-meter increments in the direction of the traffic. When this procedure results in a remaining pavement length of 300
meters or less, that length of pavement shall be included in and become part of
the immediately preceding lot. If the
pavement remainder is greater than 300 meters, it shall be considered a
separated lot.
The acceptance of a lot will be based on the percentage of
the total length of the lot having surface variation exceeding
3 millimeters in 3 meters, this percent noncompliance being defined as the
lot percent defective length. Lot
percent defective length will be computed by adding the lengths, to the nearest
0.3 meter, of individual surface defects exceeding the specified
tolerance. Dividing this sum by the
total length tested, and multiplying by 100 to convert to percent.
The full extent of the lot will be tested in the
longitudinal direction. The transverse
location of the test will be in the wheelpaths of vehicle travel, defined as
the two imaginary lines located approximately 1 meter on each side of the centerline
of the lane and extending for the full length of the lane. In addition to the scheduled lot acceptance
tests, any previously tested lot which is damaged by construction operations
may be retested.
The rolling Straightedge will not be used immediately
adjacent to or over manholes, utility openings, or similar structures which, in
the opinion of the Engineer, have a significant and unavoidable adverse impact
on achievable smoothness.
If the lot percent defective length is 3.5 or more, the
bituminous concrete surface course shall be removed and replaced or may be
accepted upon written request provided that payment for the lot is reduced by
20 percent.
The Engineer may test the bituminous concrete surface
course with a response type ride meter prior to performing lot acceptance
testing with the rolling Straightedge.
If, in the opinion of the Engineer, such ride meter tests indicate, to a
substantial certainty, that the lot percent defective length does not exceed
the acceptable value of 3.5, the lot will be deemed in compliance with surface requirements. If the Engineer judges the ride meter tests
to be inconclusive, the specified schedule of rolling Straightedge tests will
be performed and the lot acceptance decision grounded on those results.
The decision to undertake any optional testing with the
ride meter, the specific conduct of the ride meter testing, and the
interpretation of the results shall exclusively be the province of the
Engineer.
If the lot percent defective length exceeds 3.5, the
Engineer may direct that paving operations be discontinued until mutually
acceptable paving methods and/or equipment are used.
Additional compensation, extension of time, or other
concession will not be granted because of revised methods or equipment
necessary to produce a bituminous concrete surface in conformity with the
specified surface requirements.
C. No Payment Reductions.
1. Permissible Surface Variations. The bituminous
concrete surface course will be tested with a rolling Straightedge that
automatically marks, in colored dye, the length of surface variations which
exceed a tolerance of 3 millimeters in 3 meters.
2. Control Testing. Control testing
during placement shall be conducted as may be necessary to ensure compliance
with the specified surface requirement.
3. Surface Acceptance Plan. Any required
sweeping of the surface prior to acceptance testing shall be performed.
The bituminous concrete surface course will be tested for
acceptance in accordance with Subpart A.4 above. The measured length exceeding the 3-millimeter tolerance shall
not exceed 3.5 percent. The
number, length, and location of Straightedge tests undertaken to determine
conformity will be at the sole discretion of the Engineer.
The percentage of surface variations in noncompliance is
defined as the percent defective length which will be computed by adding the
lengths, to the nearest 0.3 meter, of individual surface defects exceeding the
specified tolerance, dividing this sum by the total length tested, and
multiplying by 100 to convert to percent.
SECTION 405 - CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE
405.15 Surface Requirements.
A. Permissible Surface Variations. The surface of the
concrete will be tested with a rolling Straightedge that automatically marks,
in colored dye, the length of surface variations which exceeds a tolerance of 3
millimeters in 3 meters.
Concrete placed on a new mainline shall be so constructed
that, when tested in accordance with Subpart B below, the measured length of
lot exceeding the specified 3-millimeter tolerance shall not exceed five
percent.
Concrete placed in non-mainline areas of the Project or
constructed adjacent to an existing roadway, for the purpose of widening, will
be tested in accordance with Subpart C below.
B. Surface Compliance Plan. Prior to
acceptance testing and notching of the expansion joint filler paper necessary
to permit passage of the Straightedge, any required sweeping of the surface
shall be performed as part of the work.
Conformance to the surface tolerance will be determined in lots,
each lot being equal to the number of square meters of concrete surface placed
in each production day.
The compliance of a lot will be determined from the
percentage of the total length of the lot having surface variation exceeding 3
millimeters in 3 meters, this percent noncompliance being defined as the lot
percent defective length. Lot percent
defective length is computed by adding the lengths of individual surface
defects exceeding the specified tolerance, dividing this sum by the total
length tested, and multiplying by 100 to convert to percent.
The full extent of the lot will be tested in the
longitudinal direction along the wheelpaths, defined as the two imaginary lines
located approximately 900 millimeters on each side of the center of the
lane and extending for the full length of the lane. The wheelpath of the test will be determined randomly and varied
every 90 to 120 meters.
The minimum number of full-length tests required to
determine the lot percent defective length is given in Table 405-1 below. The 25 percent sample plan, wherein the
number of tests is at least equal to one-fourth of the number of wheelpaths in
a day's production, will be used initially.
Final compliance may be based on the results of the 25 percent sampling
except that if the lot percent defective length exceeds 13.9, each wheelpath
will be tested.
When more than one test is specified in Table 405-1 below,
the initial and intermediate transverse locations of each test will be
determined randomly. Exact duplicate
tests will not be performed. When
testing of all wheelpaths is specified, no intermediate transverse variation of
the individual tests will be made. The
results of preceding tests are not to be included in the computation of lot
percent defective length when application of the 100 percent sample plan is
indicated.
In addition to the minimum number of tests specified in
Table 405-1 below and run on randomly selected sites, any area which appears
defective may be tested including a previous day's production which is damaged
by construction operations.
If the lot percent defective length is 5.1 to 13.9
inclusive, the lot shall be removed and replaced or the lot may be accepted
upon written request provided that the lot is reduced in accordance with Table
405-2 below.
|
Table 405-1
Surface Acceptance Testing Schedule |
||||||
|
Sampling Plan |
Corresponding
Number Tests |
Lot Percent Defective Length Measured |
Reduction or Retest Requirement |
|||
|
|
One Lane |
Two Lanes |
Three Lanes |
Four Lanes |
|
|
|
25% |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
0 to 13.9 14.0 or more |
As per Table 405-2 Test each wheelpath |
|
100% |
2 |
4 |
6 |
8 |
All values |
As per Table 405-3 |
|
Table 405-2
Reduction Per Lot Due to Nonconformance to Surface
Requirements |
||
|
Lot Percent Defective
Length |
|
Reduction per Lot,
Percent |
|
0 - 5.0 5.1 - 11.0 11.1 - 13.9 |
|
None 2 5 |
If the lot percent defective length exceeds 13.9, any or
all of the concrete in the lot may be directed to be removed, replaced, and
retested for acceptance. If the
concrete is allowed to remain in place, the lot quantity will be reduced by 16
percent.
C. Other Testing. The riding surface
of non-mainline surface, bridge approach and transition slabs, and lanes
constructed for the purpose of widening are not subject to the foregoing
surface acceptance requirements.
However, the riding surface of any or all portions of the
traveled way of the Project (including, but not limited to, such areas as
ramps, acceleration or deceleration lanes, and lanes added to widen an existing
roadway) may be tested to determine the adequacy of the paving methods and
equipment. The paving operation is
acceptable if the riding surface is in substantial conformity with a 3
millimeters in 3 meters surface tolerance.
If the paving operation is unacceptable, the particular placement
operation involved shall be discontinued until mutually acceptable methods or
equipment are used.
Additional compensation, extension of Contract Time, or
other concession will not be allowed because of revised methods or equipment
necessary to produce substantial conformity with a 3 millimeters in 3 meters
surface tolerance.
D. Surface Remedial Measures. Correction of
surface by grinding and resubmission for testing may be permitted provided that
correction does not require removal of more than 6 millimeters of concrete from
the surface. Grinding shall be
performed with equipment specifically designed for the purpose and shall employ
either a diamond-studded drum or stacked-blade-type cutting head. The texture depth in the ground areas shall
be similar to that of the adjacent surface.
All ground areas shall be neat areas of uniform appearance. When use of such remedial grinding
procedures is requested, a plan shall be submitted in writing setting forth the
intended limits of the surface restoration and a complete description of the
methods and equipment proposed for use.